Haruffa uku SNP suna da yawa a cikin nazarin kwayoyin halittar jama'a.Ba tare da la'akari da binciken cutar ɗan adam ba, matsayi na dabi'ar amfanin gona, juyin halittar dabba da ilimin halittu, ana buƙatar SNPs azaman tushe.Duk da haka, idan ba ku da zurfin fahimta game da kwayoyin halitta na zamani bisa ga babban tsari, kuma fuskantar waɗannan haruffa guda uku, da alama "baƙon da ya fi sani", to ba za ku iya gudanar da bincike na gaba ba.Don haka kafin mu fara bin diddigin bincike, bari mu kalli menene SNP.

SNP (polymorphism nucleotide guda ɗaya), zamu iya gani daga cikakken sunansa na Ingilishi, yana nufin bambancin nucleotide guda ɗaya ko polymorphism.Hakanan yana da suna daban, wanda ake kira SNV (bambancin nucleotide ɗaya).A wasu nazarin ɗan adam, waɗanda ke da mitar yawan jama'a sama da 1% kawai ana kiran su SNPs, amma a faɗo, ana iya haɗa su biyun.Don haka za mu iya cewa SNP, guda nucleotide polymorphism, yana nufin maye gurbin da wani nucleotide a cikin kwayoyin halitta ya maye gurbinsa da wani nucleotide.Misali, a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa, an maye gurbin nau'in tushe na AT tare da nau'in tushe na GC, wanda shine rukunin SNP.

Hoto

Duk da haka, ko dai "polymorphism nucleotide guda ɗaya" ko "bambance-bambancen nucleotide guda ɗaya", yana magana da ɗanɗano, don haka bayanan SNP yana buƙatar daidaitawar kwayoyin halitta a matsayin tushen, wato, bayanan da aka jera ana yin su ne bayan an jera kwayoyin halittar mutum.Idan aka kwatanta da kwayoyin halitta, shafin da ya bambanta da kwayoyin halitta ana gano shi azaman shafin SNP.

Dangane da SNPs akan kayan lambu,da Plant Direct PCR kitana iya amfani dashi don ganowa da sauri.

Dangane da nau'ikan maye gurbi, SNP ya haɗa da canzawa da juyewa.Canji yana nufin maye gurbin purines tare da purines ko pyrimidine tare da pyrimidine.Juyawa yana nufin maye gurbin juna tsakanin purines da pyrimidine.Yawan abin da ya faru zai bambanta, kuma yuwuwar canjin canji zai kasance mafi girma fiye da na ƙetare.

Dangane da inda SNP ke faruwa, SNPs daban-daban zasu sami tasiri daban-daban akan kwayoyin halitta.SNPs da ke faruwa a cikin yanki na intergenic, wato, yanki tsakanin kwayoyin halitta akan kwayoyin halitta, bazai tasiri aikin kwayoyin halitta ba, kuma maye gurbi a cikin intron ko yankin mai gabatarwa na gaba na kwayar halitta na iya samun wani tasiri akan kwayar halitta;Maye gurbin da ke faruwa a yankunan exon na kwayoyin halitta, dangane da ko suna haifar da canje-canje a cikin amintattun amino acid, suna da tasiri daban-daban akan ayyukan kwayoyin.(Hakika, ko da SNPs guda biyu suna haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin amino acid, suna da tasiri daban-daban akan tsarin furotin, kuma a ƙarshe tasirin tasirin halitta na iya bambanta sosai).

Duk da haka, adadin SNPs da ke faruwa a wurare na kwayoyin halitta yawanci suna da ƙasa da na wuraren da ba na kwayoyin halitta ba, saboda SNP da ke shafar aikin kwayar halitta yawanci yana da mummunar tasiri ga rayuwar mutum, wanda ya haifar da mutumin da ke dauke da wannan SNP a cikin rukuni Daga cikin su an kawar da su.

Tabbas, ga kwayoyin diploid, chromosomes sun kasance a cikin nau'i-nau'i, amma ba zai yiwu ba don nau'in chromosomes su kasance daidai da kowane tushe.Saboda haka, wasu SNPs kuma za su bayyana heterozygous, wato, akwai tushe guda biyu a wannan matsayi akan chromosome.A cikin rukuni, SNP genotypes na mutane daban-daban an haɗa su tare, wanda ya zama tushen mafi yawan bincike na gaba.A hade tare da dabi'u, ana iya yanke hukunci ko SNP a matsayin alamar kwayoyin halitta yana da alaƙa da halaye, QTL (ƙididdigar ma'auni) na dabi'a za a iya yin hukunci, kuma GWAS (nazarin ƙungiyar genome-fadi) ko ginin taswirar kwayoyin halitta za a iya yi;Ana iya amfani da SNP azaman alamar tambarin kwayoyin alkali akan dangantakar juyin halitta tsakanin mutane;za ku iya bincika SNPs masu aiki da kuma nazarin maye gurbi da ke da alaƙa da cuta;za ka iya amfani da SNP allele canje-canje na mitar ko heterozygous rates da sauran alamomi don ƙayyade yankunan da aka zaɓa a kan kwayoyin halitta ... da dai sauransu, hade tare da halin yanzu Tare da ci gaba da haɓakaccen tsari mai mahimmanci, za a iya samun daruruwan dubban ko fiye da shafukan SNP daga jerin bayanan bayanan.Ana iya cewa SNP yanzu ya zama ginshiƙi na binciken kwayoyin halitta na yawan jama'a.

Tabbas, sauye-sauye a cikin tushe a cikin kwayoyin halitta ba koyaushe ne maye gurbin tushe ɗaya tare da wani ba (ko da yake wannan shine ya fi kowa).Har ila yau, yana yiwuwa a rasa tushe ɗaya ko kaɗan, ko tushe guda biyu.An saka wasu sansanoni da yawa a tsakiya.Wannan ƙaramin kewayon shigarwa da gogewa ana kiransa gabaɗaya InDel (sakawa da gogewa), wanda ke nufin shigarwa da gogewa na guntuwar guntu (guda ɗaya ko da yawa).InDel wanda ke faruwa a wurin da kwayoyin halitta ke iya yin tasiri kan aikin kwayar halittar, don haka wani lokaci InDel na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bincike.Amma gabaɗaya, matsayin SNP a matsayin ginshiƙan ginshiƙan al'umma har yanzu ba a girgiza ba.