Bayan da masanin Amurka Eric S. Lander ya gabatar da tsari guda daya na nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) a matsayin alamar kwayoyin halitta ta ƙarni na uku a cikin 1996, SNP an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin nazarin ƙungiyar tattalin arziki, gina taswirar haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta, da kuma tantance kwayar cutar ɗan adam., Ganewar haɗarin cuta da tsinkaya, gwajin ƙwayar cuta na mutum, da sauran fannonin binciken ilimin halitta da na likitanci.A fagen kiwo da tsabar kuɗi, gano SNP na iya gane farkon zaɓin halayen da ake buƙata.Wannan zaɓin yana da halaye na babban daidaito kuma yana iya guje wa tsangwama na ilimin halittar jiki da abubuwan muhalli yadda ya kamata, ta haka yana rage girman tsarin kiwo.Don haka, SNP tana taka rawar gani sosai a fagen bincike na asali.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNP) yana nufin lamarin cewa akwai bambance-bambancen nucleotide guda ɗaya a matsayi ɗaya a cikin jerin DNA na daidaikun mutane iri ɗaya ko mabanbanta.Shigarwa, gogewa, jujjuyawa da jujjuya tushe guda ɗaya na iya haifar da wannan bambanci.A da, ma'anar SNP ta bambanta da na maye gurbi.Wurin bambance-bambancen yana buƙatar mitar ɗayan allele a cikin jama'a ya fi 1% don a bayyana shi azaman wurin SNP.Duk da haka, tare da fadada ka'idodin nazarin halittu na zamani da aikace-aikacen fasaha, allele mita ba wani yanayi ne mai mahimmanci don iyakance ma'anar SNP ba.Dangane da bayanan bambance-bambancen nucleotide guda ɗaya da aka haɗa a cikin Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP) database a ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Halittu ta Ƙasa (NCBI), ƙananan shigarwa / gogewa, bambancin microsatellite, da sauransu kuma an haɗa su.

A cikin jikin mutum, mitar SNP shine 0.1%.A wasu kalmomi, akwai matsakaita na rukunin yanar gizo na SNP guda ɗaya a kowane nau'i na tushe 1000.Kodayake yawan abin da ya faru yana da girma, ba duk rukunin yanar gizon SNP ba ne ke iya zama alamun ɗan takara masu alaƙa da halaye.Wannan yana da alaƙa galibi da wurin da SNP ke faruwa.

A ka'ida, SNP na iya faruwa a ko'ina a cikin jerin kwayoyin halitta.SNPs da ke faruwa a yankin coding na iya haifar da maye gurbi da maye gurbi marasa ma'ana, wato, amino acid yana canzawa ko baya canzawa kafin da bayan maye gurbin.Amino acid da aka canza yawanci yana haifar da sarkar peptide ta rasa aikinta na asali (rashin maye gurbin), kuma yana iya haifar da zubar da cikin fassarar (maye gurbi na banza).SNPs waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin yankuna marasa coding da yankuna na intergenic na iya shafar ɓarna mRNA, abubuwan da ba a sanya su a cikin jerin RNA ba, da ɗaurin abubuwan rubutu da DNA.Ana nuna takamaiman dangantakar a cikin adadi:

Nau'ikan SNP:

Hanyoyi na buga SNP da yawa na gama gari da kwatanta su

Dangane da ka'idoji daban-daban, hanyoyin gano SNP gama gari an raba su zuwa nau'ikan masu zuwa:

Kwatancen rarraba hanyoyin ganowa

Lura: An jera a cikin tebur a halin yanzu ana amfani da hanyoyin gano hanyoyin SNP na yau da kullun, wasu hanyoyin ganowa kamar ƙayyadaddun haɓakar rukunin yanar gizo (ASH), ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun rukunin rukunin yanar gizo (ASPE), haɓaka tushe guda ɗaya (SBCE), yankan yanki na musamman (ASC), fasaha na guntu gene, fasahar spectrometry, da sauransu.

Kudin da lokacin tsarkakewar acid nucleic a cikin sama da yawa hanyoyin gano SNP gama gari ba za a iya kaucewa ba.Koyaya, na'urorin da ke da alaƙa dangane da fasahar PCR kai tsaye na Foregene na iya yin haɓakar PCR ko qPCR kai tsaye akan samfuran da ba a tsarkake ba, wanda ke kawo sauƙin da ba a taɓa gani ba ga gano SNP.

Kayayyakin jerin samfuran PCR kai tsaye na Foregene a sauƙaƙe kuma suna ƙetare matakan tsaftace samfurin, wanda ke rage lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don shirya samfuri.Keɓaɓɓen Taq polymerase yana da kyakkyawan ƙarfin haɓakawa kuma yana iya jurewa iri-iri na masu hanawa daga mahallin haɓakawa masu rikitarwa.Wadannan halaye suna ba da garantin fasaha don samun takamaiman samfurori masu girma.Foregene Direct PCR / qPCR kits don nau'ikan samfuri daban-daban, kamar: kyallen dabba (wutsiya, zebrafish, da dai sauransu), ganyen shuka, tsaba (ciki har da polysaccharides da samfuran polyphenol), da dai sauransu.