Haifuwar tukwici na pipette da bututun EP, da sauransu.

1. Shirya 0.1% (dubu ɗaya) DEPC (wani abu mai guba sosai) tare da ruwa mai tsafta, yi amfani da shi a hankali a cikin murfin hayaki, kuma adana shi a 4 ° C daga haske;

Ruwan DEPC ruwa ne mai tsafta da aka yi masa magani tare da DEPC kuma an haifuwa ta babban zafin jiki da matsa lamba.An gwada don ya zama ba shi da RNase, DNA da proteinase.

2. Saka tip pipette da EP tube a cikin 0.1% DEPC, kuma tabbatar da cewa pipette tip da EP tube suna cike da 0.1% DEP.

3. Kare daga haske, bari a tsaya, dare (12-24h)

4. Akwatin da ke dauke da tip da EP tube baya buƙatar jiƙa a cikin DEPC.Bayan an cire ruwan DEPC a cikin tip ko EP tube, tattara shi kuma kunsa shi.

5. 121 digiri Celsius, 30min

6. 180 digiri Celsius, bushe don da yawa hours (akalla 3 hours)

Note: a.Saka safofin hannu na latex da abin rufe fuska yayin sarrafa DEPC!b, ko ba tare da DEPC ba haifuwa, 130 ℃, 90min autoclave (yawancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje high zafin jiki haifuwa sau biyu)

Ma'anar cirewar RNA

Manyan al'amura biyu na gazawar warewa RNA nama

lalata RNA da ragowar ƙazanta a cikin kyallen takarda,game da lalacewa, bari mu fara duba dalilin da yasa RNA da aka ciro daga sel masu al'ada ba a cikin sauƙin lalacewa.Reagents na cirewar RNA da ke wanzu duk sun ƙunshi abubuwan da ke hana RNase da sauri.Ƙara lysate zuwa sel masu al'ada, kuma kawai ku haɗa shi, duk kwayoyin za a iya hade su sosai tare da lysate, kuma sel suna lysed.Bayan an yi wa sel sel, abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin lysate nan da nan suna hana RNase na ciki na ciki, don haka RNA ta ci gaba da kasancewa.Wato, saboda sel masu al'ada suna cikin sauƙi da cikakkiyar haɗuwa tare da lysate, RNA nasu ba a sauƙaƙe ba;a gefe guda kuma, RNA a cikin nama yana da sauƙin lalacewa saboda ƙwayoyin da ke cikin nama ba su da sauƙi don tuntuɓar lysate da sauri.saboda isassun lamba.Don haka,zaton cewa akwai hanyar da za a juya nama zuwa tantanin halitta guda yayin hana ayyukan RNA, za a iya magance matsalar lalata gaba ɗaya.

Nikakken ruwa na nitrogen shine mafi inganci irin wannan hanyar.Koyaya, hanyar niƙa nitrogen na ruwa yana da matukar wahala, musamman lokacin da adadin samfuran ya girma.Wannan ya haifar da abu mafi kyau na gaba: homogenizer.ThehomogenizerHanyar ba ta yin la'akari da tambayar yadda aka hana ayyukan RNase kafin a tuntuɓi sel tare da lysate, amma a yi addu'a cewa adadin rushewar nama ya fi sauri fiye da adadin da RNase na ciki ya rage darajar RN.

Sakamakon lantarki homogenizer ne mafi alhẽri,kuma tasirin homogenizer na gilashin ba shi da kyau, amma a gaba ɗaya, hanyar homogenizer ba zai iya hana abubuwan lalata ba.Don haka, idan an lalata hakar, dole ne a yi amfani da homogenizer na asali na lantarki don niƙa tare da nitrogen na ruwa;ainihin gilashin homogenizer yakamata a canza shi zuwa homogenizer na lantarki ko kuma a niƙa shi da nitrogen mai ruwa kai tsaye.Matsalar ta kusan yiwuwa 100%.samun warware.

Matsalolin ƙazanta da ke shafar gwaje-gwajen da suka biyo baya suna da dalilai daban-daban fiye da lalacewa, kuma mafita sun bambanta daidai.A karshe,idan akwai lalacewa ko ragowar ƙazanta a cikin nama, hanyar hakar/reagent na takamaiman kayan gwaji dole ne a inganta.Ba dole ba ne ku yi amfani da samfuran ku masu daraja don ingantawa: zaku iya siyan wasu ƙananan dabbobi kamar kifi / kaji daga kasuwa, ɗauki sashin da ya dace na kayan don hakar RNA, da ɗayan ɓangaren don hakar furotin - niƙa da baki, ciki da hanji.

Ana amfani da maƙasudin RNA na RNA da aka ciro don gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na bin diddigin, kuma ƙimar ingancinsa sun bambanta

Ginin ɗakin karatu na cDNA yana buƙatar amincin RNA ba tare da ragowar masu hana halayen enzyme ba;Arewa yana buƙatar mafi girman mutuncin RNA da ƙananan buƙatu don ragowar masu hana hana enzyme;RT-PCR ba ya buƙatar babban amincin RNA,amma yana hana halayen enzyme.Sauran buƙatun suna da tsauri.Shigarwa yana ƙayyade fitarwa;duk lokacin da makasudin shine samun mafi girman tsarkin RNA, zai kashe mutane da kudi.

Tarin/Ajiya na Samfurori

Abubuwan da ke shafar Lalacewa Bayan samfurin ya bar jikin mai rai / ko yanayin girma na asali, enzymes na endogenous a cikin samfurin zai fara lalata RNA,kuma raguwar raguwa yana da alaƙa da abun ciki na enzymes endogenous da zafin jiki.A al'ada, akwai kawai hanyoyi guda biyu don hana gaba ɗaya aikin enzyme na endogenous: ƙara lysate nan da nan kuma yayi kama da sauri da sauri;a yanka a kananan guda kuma nan da nan daskare a cikin ruwa nitrogen.Duk hanyoyin biyu suna buƙatar aiki da sauri.Ƙarshen ya dace da duk samfurori, yayin da na farko ya dace da kyallen takarda tare da ƙananan abun ciki na sel da enzymes endogenous da sauƙi don daidaitawa.Musamman, naman shuke-shuke, hanta, thymus, pancreas, splin, kwakwalwa, mai, tsoka, da dai sauransu sun fi daskarewa da ruwa nitrogen kafin a ci gaba.

Fragmentation da homogenization na samfurori

Abubuwan Da Suke Taimakawa Lalacewa da Samfuran Samfuran rarrabuwa shinedomin sosai homogenization, wanda shine cikakke kuma cikakke sakin RNA.Kwayoyin za a iya daidaita su kai tsaye ba tare da karye ba.Nama za a iya homogenized ne kawai bayan karya.Yisti da kwayoyin cuta suna buƙatar karya tare da enzymes masu dacewa kafin su iya zama homogenized.Nama tare da ƙananan abun ciki na enzyme na endogenous da sauƙi homogenization za a iya murkushe su kuma a hade su a lokaci guda a cikin lysate ta hanyar homogenizer;shuke-shuke nama, hanta, thymus, pancreas, saifa, kwakwalwa, mai, tsoka nama da sauran samfurori, Su ko dai high a endogenous enzymes ko ba a sauƙi homogenized,don haka rushewar nama da homogenization dole ne a yi daban.Hanyar da ta fi dacewa kuma mafi inganci ta rarrabuwar kawuna ita ce niƙa tare da ruwa nitrogen, kuma mafi amintaccen hanyar homogenization shine amfani da homogenizer na lantarki.Bayani na musamman game da niƙa tare da nitrogen mai ruwa: ba dole ba ne a narke samfurin a duk lokacin aikin niƙa, saboda enzymes na ƙarshe suna iya yin aiki lokacin daskararre.

Zaɓin lysate

Shafi dacewa da aiki da kuma abubuwan da suka rage na ƙazantar ƙazanta ta ƙarshe Hanyoyin lysis da aka saba amfani da su na iya kusan hana ayyukan RNase.Sabili da haka, maɓallin mahimmanci na zabar maganin lysis shine la'akari da haɗuwa tare da hanyar tsarkakewa.Akwai banda guda ɗaya:samfurori tare da babban abun ciki na enzyme na endogenous ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da lysate da ke dauke da phenol don ƙara yawan ikon hana enzymes na endogenous.

Zaɓin hanyar tsarkakewa

Abubuwan da ke shafar ragowar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, saurin cirewa Don samfurori masu tsabta kamar ƙwayoyin sel, ana iya samun sakamako mai gamsarwa tare da kusan kowace hanyar tsarkakewa a hannu.Amma ga sauran samfuran da yawa, musamman waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙazanta irin su ciyayi, hanta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauransu, zaɓin hanyar tsarkakewa mai dacewa yana da mahimmanci.Hanyar tsarkakewa ta centrifugal tana da saurin cirewa da sauri kuma tana iya kawar da ƙazanta da kyau waɗanda ke shafar tasirin enzymatic na RNA na gaba, amma yana da tsada (Foregene na iya ba da kayan aiki masu tsada, ƙarin cikakkun bayanai danna.nan);ta amfani da hanyoyin tsarkakewa na tattalin arziki da na gargajiya, kamar hazo LiCl, kuma na iya samun sakamako mai gamsarwa, amma lokacin aiki yana da tsayi..

"Ladubai uku da Hankali takwas" don hakar RNA

Ladabi 1:Kashe ƙarshen gurɓataccen enzymes masu ƙazafi.

Bayanan kula 1:Saka abin rufe fuska da safar hannu.

Bayani na 2:Ya kamata a zubar da bututun centrifuge, shugabannin tukwici, sandunan pipette, tankunan lantarki, da benci na gwaji da ke cikin gwajin sosai.

Bayani na 3:Reagents/maganin da ke cikin gwajin, musamman ruwa, dole ne su zama marasa RNase.

Ladabi 2:Toshe ayyukan enzymes na endogenous

Bayani na 4:Zaɓi hanyar homogenization mai dacewa.

Bayani na 5:Zaɓi lysate mai dacewa.

Bayani na 6:Sarrafa adadin farawa na samfurin.

Ladabi 3:Bayyana dalilin hakar ku

Bayani na 7:Tare da kowane tsarin lysate yana gabatowa matsakaicin adadin farawa na samfurin, ƙimar nasarar hakar ya ragu sosai.

Bayani na 8:Ma'aunin tattalin arziki kawai don samun nasarar hakar RNA shine nasara a gwaje-gwajen da suka biyo baya, ba yawan amfanin ƙasa ba.

Manyan Tushen Guda 10 na RNase

1. Yatsu sune tushen farko na enzymes exogenous, don haka dole ne a sanya safar hannu kuma a maye gurbinsu akai-akai.Bugu da ƙari, dole ne a sanya abin rufe fuska, saboda numfashi kuma shine muhimmin tushen enzymes.Ƙarin fa'ida na saka abin rufe fuska shine don kare mai gwaji.

2. Tukwici na pipette, tubes centrifuge, pipettes - RNase ba za a iya kunna shi ta hanyar haifuwa kadai ba, don haka pipette tukwici da tubes centrifuge ya kamata a bi da su tare da DEPC, koda kuwa an yi musu alama kamar yadda ake bi da DEPC.Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da pipette na musamman, shafa shi da 75% barasa auduga kafin amfani, musamman sanda;Bugu da kari, tabbatar da kar a yi amfani da abin cire kai.

3. Dole ne ruwan / buffer ya zama mara lahani na RNase.

4. Aƙalla teburin gwajin yakamata a goge tsafta tare da ƙwallan auduga 75% na barasa.

5.Endogenous RNase Duk kyallen takarda suna ɗauke da enzymes na endogenous, don haka saurin daskarewa na kyallen takarda tare da ruwa nitrogen shine hanya mafi kyau don rage lalacewa.Hanyar ajiyar ruwa ta nitrogen/hanyar niƙa ba ta da daɗi, amma ita ce hanya ɗaya tilo don kyallen takarda tare da manyan matakan enzymes na endogenous.

6. Samfuran RNA samfuran hakar RNA na iya ƙunsar alamun gurɓataccen RNase.

7. Plasmid hakar Plasmid sau da yawa yana amfani da Rnase don rage RNA, kuma ragowar Rnase yakamata a narkar da shi da Proteinase K kuma PCI ta fitar dashi.

8. Adana RNA Ko da an adana shi a ƙananan zafin jiki, yawan adadin RNase zai haifar da lalata RNA.Mafi kyawun bayani don adana dogon lokaci na RNA shine dakatarwar gishiri / barasa, saboda barasa yana hana duk ayyukan enzymatic a ƙananan yanayin zafi.

9. Lokacin da cations (Ca, Mg) ya ƙunshi waɗannan ions, dumama a 80C na minti 5 zai sa RNA ta rabu, don haka idan RNA yana buƙatar zafi, maganin adanawa yana buƙatar ƙunshi nau'in chelating (1mM Sodium Citrate, pH 6.4).

10. Enzymes da aka yi amfani da su a gwaje-gwaje na gaba na iya zama gurɓata ta RNase.

Hanyoyi 10 don Cire RNA

1: Da sauri hana ayyukan RNase.Samfurori suna daskarewa da sauri bayan tattarawa, kuma RNase ba ta aiki ta hanyar saurin aiki yayin lysis.

2: Zabi hanyar da ta dace don nama tare da babban abun ciki na ribozyme, kuma adipose tissue shine mafi kyawun amfani da hanyar da ke dauke da phenol.

3: Ingancin tsinkaya yana buƙatar Arewa, ginin ɗakin karatu na cDNA yana buƙatar babban mutunci, kuma RT-PCR da RPA (ƙimar kariyar Ribonuclease) basa buƙatar babban mutunci.RT-PCR yana buƙatar babban tsafta (sauran inhibitor enzyme).

4: Cikakken homogenization shine mabuɗin don inganta yawan amfanin ƙasa da rage lalacewa.

5: Bincika amincin ganowar RNA electrophoresis, 28S: 18S = 2: 1 cikakkiyar alama ce, 1: 1 kuma an yarda da yawancin gwaje-gwaje.

6: Cire DNA don RT-PCR, nazarin tsararru Yana da kyau a yi amfani da DNA I don cire DNA.

7: Rage gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin enzymes - ba za a iya shigo da enzymes daga waje ba.

8: A lokacin da ake mayar da hankali low-tattara nucleic acid, a co-hazo reagent ya kamata a kara.Amma don hana co-hazo mai dauke da enzymes da gurɓatar DNA.

9: Narkar da RNA sosai, idan ya cancanta, zafi a 65C na minti 5.

hanyar ajiya mai dacewa

Ana iya adana shi a -20C na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma a -80C na dogon lokaci.Mataki na farko na inganta yawan amfanin RNA shine fahimtar cewa abun cikin RNA na samfurori daban-daban ya bambanta sosai.Yawa mai yawa (2-4ug/mg) kamar hanta, pancreas, zuciya, matsakaiciyar yawa (0.05-2ug/mg) kamar kwakwalwa, amfrayo, koda, huhu, thymus, ovary, low yawa (<0.05ug/mg) mg) kamar mafitsara, kashi, mai.

1: Kwayoyin Lyse don saki RN - idan ba a saki RNA ba, za a rage yawan amfanin ƙasa.Electric homogenization aiki fiye da sauran homogenization hanyoyin, amma kuma iya bukatar a hade tare da wasu hanyoyin, kamar ruwa nitrogen mashing, enzymatic narkewa (Lysozyme/Lyticase)

2: Inganta hanyar hakar.Babban matsalolin da hanyoyin tushen phenol sune rashin cikawa da asarar RNA wani ɓangare (ba za a iya cire maɗaukaki gaba ɗaya ba).Ƙimar da ba ta cika ba saboda babban nucleic acid da abun ciki na furotin, wanda za'a iya warware shi ta hanyar ƙara yawan adadin lysate da aka yi amfani da shi ko rage yawan samfurin.An ƙara wani mataki na hakar chloroform a cikin adipose tissue.Ana iya rage asarar RNA ta hanyar yin famfo baya ko ta hanyar cire Layer Layer wanda ke biye da centrifugation.Babbar matsala tare da hanyoyin tushen centrifugation shafi shine samfurin wuce gona da iri.

Nasihun Haɓaka Classic

1. Phenol tsarkakewa: Ƙara daidai adadin 1: 1 Phenol / Chloroform da kuma haɗuwa da ƙarfi don 1-2 minti.Centrifuge a babban gudun minti 2.A hankali cire supernatant (80-90%).Kada ku taɓa zuwa tsakiyar Layer.Za'a iya ƙara daidai adadin maganin amsawa zuwa phenol/Chloroform kuma a cire maɗaukakin abu.Za a iya haxa maɗaukakin maɗaukaki biyu tare don hazo na acid nucleic don inganta yawan amfanin ƙasa.Kada ku kasance mai laushi lokacin haɗuwa, kuma kada ku yi ƙoƙarin cire duk abin da ya dace.

2. Wankewa da 70-80% ethanol: Lokacin wankewa, dole ne a dakatar da acid nucleic don tabbatar da cewa ragowar gishirin ya ɓace.A lokaci guda, nan da nan bayan zubar da ethanol, centrifuge a babban gudun don 'yan dakiku, sannan cire ragowar ethanol tare da pipette.Narke bayan tsayawa a dakin da zafin jiki na minti 5-10.

11. Fitar kungiyoyi na musamman

1. Fibrous tissue: Makullin cirewar RNA daga nama mai fibrous kamar ƙwayar zuciya / kwarangwal shine ya rushe nama gaba ɗaya.Waɗannan kyallen takarda suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin tantanin halitta, don haka adadin RNA kowane ɗayan nauyin nama yayi ƙasa, kuma yana da kyau a yi amfani da adadin farawa gwargwadon yiwuwa.Tabbatar da niƙa nama sosai a ƙarƙashin yanayin daskarewa.

2. Nama mai yawan furotin/mai abun ciki: abun ciki na kwakwalwa / kayan lambu yana da yawa.Bayan cirewar PCI, babban abu yana ƙunshe da farin floccules.Dole ne a sake fitar da ma'auni tare da chloroform.

3. Nama tare da babban nucleic acid / ribozyme abun ciki: splin / thymus yana da babban nucleic acid da ribozyme abun ciki.Nika nama a ƙarƙashin yanayin daskarewa tare da saurin homogenization na iya kashe ribozymes yadda ya kamata.Duk da haka, idan lysate yana da danko sosai (saboda babban abun ciki na nucleic acid), cirewar PCI ba zai iya daidaitawa yadda ya kamata ba;ƙara ƙarin lysate zai iya magance wannan batu.Haɗin PCI da yawa na iya cire ƙarin ragowar DNA.Idan farin hazo ya fito nan da nan bayan ƙara barasa, yana nuna gurɓataccen DNA.Sake hakowa tare da PCI acidic bayan rushewa zai iya cire gurɓataccen DNA.

4. Nama mai shuka: Naman shuka ya fi naman dabba hadaddun.Gabaɗaya, tsire-tsire suna ƙasa ƙarƙashin yanayin nitrogen na ruwa, don haka lalatawar RNA ta hanyar enzymes na endogenous ba sabon abu bane.Idan ba a warware matsalar lalata ba, kusan tabbas yana haifar da ƙazanta da ke cikin samfurin.Rashin dattin da ke cikin tsire-tsire da yawa zai haifar da raguwa, kuma dalilin saura shine sau da yawa saboda waɗannan ƙazantattun suna da kamanceceniya da RNA: kuna hazo kuma na yi hazo, kuma ku yi adsorb kuma na yi adsorb.Waɗannan halayen sun ƙayyade cewa suna da ƙarfi sosai masu hana enzyme.

A halin yanzu, ana iya daidaita reagents na hakar RNA na kasuwanci zuwa kusan dukkanin kyallen jikin dabba tare da ƴan gyare-gyare, amma akwai ƴan siyan abubuwan cirewar RNA na kasuwanci waɗanda zasu iya dacewa da yawancin kyallen jikin shuka.Abin farin ciki, Foregene na iya samar da na musammankayan aikin hakar RNA na shuka, muna daPlant Total RNA keɓe kayan, Plant Total RNA keɓancewar kit Plus.Ƙarshen an tsara shi musamman don tsire-tsire masu yawan polysaccharide da polyphenol.Don hakar RNA, martani daga masu amfani da lab yana da kyau musamman.

12. Sakamakon daskarewar samfurin da narke Samfurin daskararre na iya zama mafi girma, kuma yana buƙatar yanke kafin a yi amfani da shi don cirewar RNA.Samfurori sukan narke (yiwuwar ɗan lokaci) yayin yankan.Samfuran da aka daskararre na iya buƙatar a auna su kafin cirewar RNA, kuma tabbas narke zai faru yayin wannan aikin.Wani lokaci, narke samfurin kuma yana faruwa a lokacin aikin niƙa nitrogen;ko daskararre samfurin kai tsaye ƙara zuwa lysate ba tare da ruwa nitrogen milling, kuma thawing zai shakka faruwa kafin cikakken homogenization.Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa daskararrun nama ya fi saurin lalata RNA yayin narke fiye da sabo.Dalili mai yuwuwa: Tsarin daskare-narke yana rushe tsarin da ke cikin tantanin halitta, yana sauƙaƙa ga enzymes masu ƙarfi su shigo cikin hulɗa kai tsaye tare da RNA.

13. Hukuncin ingancin RNA Yawancin lokaci, ana amfani da electrophoresis don tantance amincin RNA, kuma ana amfani da A260/A280 don yin hukunci da tsarkin RNA.A ka'idar, RNA maras kyau yana da rabo na 28S:18S = 2.7:1, kuma yawancin bayanai suna jaddada rabon 28S:18S = 2:1.Gaskiyar ita ce kusan babu ɗayan RNA da aka fitar daga samfuran in ban da sel da ke cikin rabo na 2:1 (an samo wannan ta amfani da Agilent Bioanalyzer).

Sakamakon electrophoresis na RNA yana shafar abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da tsarin sakandare, yanayin electrophoresis, nauyin samfurin, digiri na jikewa ta EB, da dai sauransu. Yi amfani da electrophoresis na asali don gano RNA kuma amfani da DNA Alamar a matsayin sarrafawa.Idan 28S a 2kb da 18S a 0.9kb sun bayyana a fili, da 28S: 18S> 1, mutunci zai iya biyan bukatun mafi yawan gwaje-gwajen da suka biyo baya.

A260/A280 alama ce da ta haifar da rudani da yawa.Da farko, ya zama dole a fayyace ainihin ma'anar wannan alama ta nucleic acid: RNA mai tsabta, A260/280 = kusan 2.0.RNA mai tsabta shine 'dalilin' kuma A260/A280 = 2 shine 'tasiri'.Yanzu kowa yana amfani da A260/A280 a matsayin 'dalilin', yana tunanin cewa "idan A260/A280 = 2, to RNA mai tsarki ne", wanda a zahiri yana haifar da rudani.

Idan kuna sha'awar, zaku iya ƙara ɗan ƙaramin reagent wanda galibi ana amfani dashi don hakar, kamar phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, PEG, da sauransu, zuwa samfurin RNA ɗinku, sannan auna ma'aunin A260/A280.Gaskiyar ita ce yawancin reagents da ake amfani da su don hakar RNA, da kuma datti da yawa a cikin samfurin, suna ɗaukar kusan A260 da A280, suna shafar A260/A280.

Hanya mafi koyarwa a halin yanzu ita ce bincika samfuran RNA a cikin kewayon nm 200-300.Madaidaicin RNA mai tsabta yana da halaye masu zuwa: lanƙwan yana santsi, A230 da A260 maki biyu ne na juyawa, A300 yana kusa da 0, A260/A280 = a kusa da 2.0, da A260/A230 = kusa da 2.0.Idan ba a sami bayanan duba ba, dole ne a ƙayyade rabon A260/A230, saboda wannan rabo ya fi dacewa da ɗaukar duk ƙazanta waɗanda ke shafar halayen enzymatic.Yi la'akari da kewayon layin na'urar (0.1-0.5 don A260).

Akwai wasu abubuwa biyu masu amfani: rabon zai kasance kusan 0.3 ƙananan lokacin da aka auna A260 / A280 a cikin ruwa;yayin da rabon da aka auna a cikin 10 mM EDTA shine kusan 0.2 mafi girma fiye da wanda aka auna a 1 mM EDTA.

Samfura masu alaƙa:

Sin Shuka Jimillar RNA Keɓancewar Kit ɗin Maƙera kuma Mai bayarwa |Foregene (foreivd.com)

Jerin keɓewar RNA masu kaya da masana'anta |Masana'antun keɓewar RNA na China (foreivd.com)

Jerin warewar RNA - Foregene Co., Ltd. (foreivd.com)