Pathogenic microorganisms wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ne waɗanda zasu iya mamaye jikin ɗan adam, haifar da cututtuka har ma da cututtuka, ko ƙwayoyin cuta.Daga cikin kwayoyin cuta, kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta sun fi cutarwa.

Kamuwa da cuta yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da mutuwa.A farkon ƙarni na 20, gano magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ya canza magungunan zamani, ya ba mutane “makami” don yaƙar cututtuka, da kuma yin tiyata, dashen gabobin jiki, da kuma maganin cutar kansa.Duk da haka, akwai nau'ikan cututtuka da yawa waɗanda ke haifar da cututtuka, ciki har da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.Domin inganta bincike da magance cututtuka daban-daban, da kuma kare lafiyar mutane

Lafiya yana buƙatar ƙarin ingantattun dabarun gwaji na asibiti.To menene fasahar gano ƙwayoyin cuta?

01 Hanyar gano al'ada

A cikin tsarin gano ƙwayoyin cuta na al'ada, yawancin su suna buƙatar tabo, da al'ada, kuma ana gudanar da binciken ilimin halitta akan haka, ta yadda za a iya gano nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban, kuma ƙimar ganowa yana da yawa.Hanyoyin gano na al'ada sun haɗa da smear microscopy, al'adar rabuwa da halayen kwayoyin halitta, da al'adun cell cell.

1 Smear microscope

Kwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa ƙanana ne a cikin girman kuma mafi yawan marasa launi da haske.Bayan da aka lalata su, ana iya amfani da su don lura da girmansu, siffarsu, tsarinsu, da dai sauransu tare da taimakon na'urar hangen nesa.Gwajin tabo kai tsaye mai sauƙi da sauri, kuma har yanzu yana da amfani ga waɗancan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da nau'ikan musamman, kamar kamuwa da cutar gonococcal, tarin fuka na Mycobacterium, kamuwa da cuta spirochetal, da sauransu don farkon ganewar asali.Hanyar nazarin hoto na kai tsaye yana da sauri, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don duban gani na ƙwayoyin cuta tare da siffofi na musamman.Ba ya buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman da kayan aiki.Har yanzu yana da mahimmancin hanyoyin gano ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na asali.

2 Al'adar rabuwa da halayen kwayoyin halitta

Ana amfani da al'adar rabuwa ne idan akwai nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa kuma ɗayansu yana buƙatar rabuwa.Ana amfani da ita mafi yawa a cikin sputum, najasa, jini, ruwan jiki, da dai sauransu. Domin ƙwayoyin cuta suna girma kuma suna girma na dogon lokaci, wannan hanyar gwajin yana buƙatar wani lokaci kaɗan., Kuma ba za a iya sarrafa shi a cikin batches ba, don haka fannin likitanci ya ci gaba da gudanar da bincike a kan wannan, ta yin amfani da horo na atomatik da kayan aiki na ganewa don inganta hanyoyin horo na gargajiya da kuma inganta daidaiton ganewa.

3 Al'adun nama

Kwayoyin nama sun haɗa da chlamydia, ƙwayoyin cuta, da rickettsiae.Tun da nau'in sel na nama a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban sun bambanta, bayan an cire kyallen daga ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta, dole ne a haɓaka sel masu rai ta hanyar subculture.Ana shigar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin nama don noma don rage canje-canjen ƙwayoyin cuta kamar yadda zai yiwu.Bugu da kari, a cikin aiwatar da al'ada nama Kwayoyin, pathogenic microorganisms za a iya kai tsaye allura a cikin m dabbobi, sa'an nan za a iya gwada halaye na pathogens bisa ga canje-canje a cikin kyallen takarda da gabobin na dabbobi.

02 Fasahar gwajin kwayoyin halitta

Tare da ci gaba da haɓaka matakin fasahar likitanci a cikin duniya, haɓakawa da ci gaban fasahar gano ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda za su iya gano ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta yadda ya kamata, kuma suna iya haɓaka matsayin yanzu na aikace-aikacen ilimin halittar ɗan adam da halayen ilimin halittar jiki a cikin tsarin ganowa na gargajiya, kuma yana iya amfani da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman.

1 polymerase sarkar dauki (PCR)

Maganin sarkar polymerase (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR) wata dabara ce da ke amfani da sananun abubuwan da aka sani na oligonucleotide don jagora da haɓaka ɗan ƙaramin guntun kwayoyin halittar da za a gwada a cikin guntun da ba a sani ba a cikin vitro.Saboda PCR na iya haɓaka kwayar halittar da za a gwada, ya dace musamman don gano farkon kamuwa da cuta, amma idan ba a ƙayyadadden abubuwan da ake buƙata ba, yana iya haifar da tabbataccen ƙarya.Fasahar PCR ta ci gaba da sauri a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, kuma amincinta ya inganta a hankali daga haɓakar kwayoyin halitta zuwa cloning da canji da nazarin kwayoyin halitta.Wannan hanyar kuma ita ce babbar hanyar gano sabon coronavirus a cikin wannan annoba.

Foregene ya haɓaka kit ɗin RT-PCR dangane da fasahar PCR kai tsaye, don gano nau'ikan 2 na al'ada, nau'ikan 3, da bambance-bambancen daga UK, Brazil, Afirka ta Kudu, da Indiya, layin B.1.1.7 (Birtaniya), layin B.1.351 (ZA), B.1.617 lineage (IND) da P.1 ladabi (BR).

2 Fasahar guntu ta Gene

Fasahar guntu ta Gene tana nufin yin amfani da fasahar microarray don haɗa gutsuttsuran DNA masu girma zuwa ƙwanƙolin filaye irin su membranes da zanen gilashi a cikin wani tsari ko tsari ta hanyar robotics masu sauri ko haɗin gida.Tare da binciken DNA da aka yi wa lakabi da isotopes ko fluorescence, kuma tare da taimakon ka'idar haɗin kai na tushe, an gudanar da babban adadin dabarun bincike kamar bayyanar da kwayoyin halitta da sa ido.Aiwatar da fasahar guntuwar ƙwayar cuta don gano ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta na iya rage lokacin ganewar asali sosai.Har ila yau, yana iya gano ko kwayoyin cutar suna da juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi, waɗanne kwayoyi ne masu juriya, da kuma magungunan da ke da hankali, don samar da nassoshi na magungunan asibiti.Duk da haka, farashin samar da wannan fasaha yana da tsada sosai, kuma ana buƙatar haɓaka ƙwarewar gano guntu.Sabili da haka, har yanzu ana amfani da wannan fasaha a cikin binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ba a yi amfani da shi sosai a aikin asibiti ba.

3 Nucleic acid hybridization fasahar

Nucleic acid hybridization wani tsari ne wanda igiyoyin nucleotides guda ɗaya tare da jerin abubuwan da suka dace a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta suna haɗuwa a cikin sel don samar da heteroduplexes.Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɓakawa shine halayen sinadarai tsakanin nucleic acid da bincike don gano ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.A halin yanzu, dabarun jujjuyawar acid nucleic da ake amfani da su don gano ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta galibi sun haɗa da acid nucleic a cikin yanayin haɓaka da haɓakar membrane blot hybridization.Nucleic acid a cikin wuri hybridization yana nufin hybridization na nucleic acid a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta pathogen tare da alamar bincike.Membrane blot hybridization yana nufin cewa bayan mai gwaji ya raba nucleic acid na kwayar cutar pathogen, an tsarkake shi kuma an haɗa shi tare da ingantaccen tallafi, sannan a haɗa shi tare da binciken lissafin kuɗi.The lissafin kudi hybridization fasaha yana da abũbuwan amfãni daga m da sauri aiki, kuma ya dace da m da m pathogenic microorganisms.

03 Gwajin serological

Gwajin serological na iya gano ƙwayoyin cuta da sauri.Babban ka'idar fasahar gwajin serological shine gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar sanannun antigens da ƙwayoyin rigakafi.Idan aka kwatanta da rabuwar tantanin halitta da al'ada, matakan aiki na gwajin serological suna da sauƙi.Hanyoyin gano da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da gwajin latex agglutination da fasahar immunoassay mai alaƙa da enzyme.Aiwatar da fasahar immunoassay mai alaƙa da enzyme na iya haɓaka hankali da ƙayyadaddun gwajin serological.Ba wai kawai zai iya gano antigen a cikin samfurin gwajin ba, amma kuma ya gano bangaren antibody.

A cikin Satumba 2020, Societyungiyar Cututtuka ta Amurka (IDSA) ta ba da ƙa'idodi don gwajin serological don gano cutar ta COVID-19.

04 Gwajin rigakafi

Ganewar rigakafi kuma ana kiranta fasahar rabuwar bead immunomagnetic.Wannan fasaha na iya raba ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta.Babban ka'idar ita ce: amfani da microspheres bead na maganadisu don raba antigen guda ɗaya ko nau'ikan takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta.Antigens an haɗa su tare, kuma ana raba ƙwayoyin cuta daga ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar halayen antigen da filin maganadisu na waje.

Matsalolin gano ƙwayoyin cuta - gano ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi

Foregene's "15 na'urorin gano ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta" na kan haɓakawa.Kit ɗin na iya gano nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta iri-iri 15 a cikin sputum ba tare da buƙatar tsarkake ƙwayar nucleic a cikin sputum ba.Dangane da inganci, yana rage ainihin kwanaki 3 zuwa 5 zuwa awanni 1.5.